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Patriarch Family Structure in the United States Sociolgy Journal

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The history of the family is a branch of social history that concerns the sociocultural evolution of kinship groups from prehistoric to modern times.[1] The family unit has a universal and bones role in all societies.[ii] Inquiry on the history of the family unit crosses disciplines and cultures, aiming to understand the structure and office of the family from many viewpoints. For example, sociological, ecological or economical perspectives are used to view the interrelationships betwixt the individual, their relatives, and the historical time.[i] The study of family history has shown that family systems are flexible, culturally diverse and adaptive to ecological and economic weather.[3]

Definition of family [edit]

Family divers as the co-residence and the organization past kinship are both integral in the development of the concept of the family. A co-residential group that makes up a household may share general survival goals and a residence, but may non fulfill the varied and sometimes ambiguous requirements for the definition of a family.

Historiography [edit]

The history of the family emerged as a split up field of history in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and folklore.[4] The trend was especially pronounced in the U.S. and Canada.[5] It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy. It is quite separate from genealogy, although, information technology oft draws on the same primary sources such as censuses and family records.[half dozen] According to an influential pioneering study in 1978 called: Women, Work, and Family unit. The authors, Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott, broke new ground with their wide interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping the women'south place in the family and economic system in France and England. It has considered the interaction of production and reproduction in an assay of the women's wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history.[vii] Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women'south lives between the private sphere and the public.[eight] For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years see Maynes and Waltner (2012).[9]

History of babyhood [edit]

The history of babyhood is a growing subfield.[10] [eleven]

Family history scientific discipline [edit]

  • What is the proper unit for the study of the history of the family — the individual? Group? The culture? The culture?
  • Are there broad patterns and progress? How to present a universal family history?

Historical perspectives of family studies

These are some approaches to the view of Family history:

  • Aboriginal history : the family in ancient times until the Early on Middle Ages.
  • Anthropology: the family in cultural context.
  • Archaeology: the study of the family culture.
  • Art history: the family representation in visual fine art.
  • Chronology: the scientific discipline of localizing family unit/events in fourth dimension.
  • Comparative history: the historical analysis of the family non confined to national boundaries.
  • Contemporary history: the report of historical/social events that are immediately relevant to the present time.
  • Cultural history: the study of the family in the cultural context.
  • Ethnography: the report of family community.
  • Genealogy: names of people in lines of descent.
  • Gender history: the family unit in the perspective of gender.
  • Immigration: the study of the family and nationalities.
  • Legal history: the study of the law of the family.
  • Modern history: the study of the modern family.
  • Migration: the study of the family pattern of global movement.
  • People's history: the family unit from the perspective of mutual people.
  • Psychohistory: the study of the psychological motivations of family unit events.
  • Social history: the written report of processes of social change.
  • Theater history: the family representation in the theater arts.
  • Women'southward history: the study of females and the family.
  • World history: the study of the family from a global perspective.

Early scholars of family history applied Darwin's biological theory of evolution in their theory of the evolution of family systems.[12] American anthropologist, Lewis H. Morgan, published Ancient Society in 1877, based on his theory of the three stages of homo progress, from savagery through barbarism, to civilization.[13] Morgan's book was the "inspiration for Friedrich Engels' volume", The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, published in 1884.[14] Engels expanded Morgan'due south hypothesis that economical factors acquired the transformation of primitive community into a class-divided club.[fifteen] Engels' theory of resource control and later on that of Karl Marx was used to explain the cause and effect of the change in family unit structure and part. The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s, when other sociological theories, particularly structural functionalism, gained acceptance.[12]

The volume, Centuries of Childhood by Philippe Ariès, published in France in 1960, had a great influence on the revival of the field of family history studies.[one] Ariès used the analysis of demographic data to draw the conclusion that the concept of childhood was a concept that emerged in modern nuclear families.[1]

Research methodology [edit]

Since the early 20th century, scholars have begun to unify methods of gathering data.[12] One notable volume past West.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918), was influential in establishing the precedence of a systematic longitudinal data assay.[12] Gathering church files, court records, letters, architectural and archeological prove, art and iconography, and food and material culture increased the objectivity and reproducibility of the family unit reconstruction studies.[sixteen] Studies of current family unit systems additionally employ qualitative observations, interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys.[17] [18]

Family of origin [edit]

In almost cultures of the globe, the beginning of family history is fix in creation myths.[19] In Works and Days, the aboriginal Greek poet Hesiod describes the epic destruction of iv previous Ages of Human.[20] The utopia that was the Golden Age was eventually replaced by the electric current Fe Age; a time when gods made man live in "hopeless misery and toil."[20] Hesiod's second poem Theogony, described the Greek gods' relationships and family unit ties.[21] Ancient Greeks believed that amid them, were descendants of gods who qualified for priesthood or other privileged social status.[22]

The Judeo-Christian tradition originates in the Bible'southward Volume of Genesis. The first man and adult female created by God gave rise to all of the humanity. The Bible reflects the patriarchal worldview and often refers to the do of polygamy. In biblical times, men sought to show their descent from the family of the prophet Moses in order to be accepted into the priesthood.[22]

Roman families would include everyone within a household under the authoritarian office of the male parent, the pater familias; this included grown children and the slaves of the household.[23] Children born outside of matrimony, from common and legal concubinage, could not inherit the male parent's property or name; instead, they belong to the social group and family unit of their mothers'.[24]

Almost ancient cultures like those of Assyria, Egypt, and China, kept records of successors in the ruling dynasties to legitimize their power as divine in origin.[22] Both the Inca king and the Egyptian Pharaoh claimed that they were direct descendants of the Sun God,[22] and until the British Civil War, monarchs in England were considered second only to God and as God'south representative on globe.[25] Many other cultures, such as the Inca of South America, the Kinte of Africa, and the Māori of New Zealand, did not accept a written language and kept the history of their descent every bit an oral tradition.[22]

Many cultures used other symbols to document their history of descent.[22] The totem poles are ethnic to the people of the Pacific Northwest. The symbolic representation of the pole goes back to the history of their ancestors and the family identity, in addition to being tied with the spiritual globe.[22]

European nobility had long and well-documented kinship relationships, sometimes taking their roots in the Middle Ages.[22] In 1538, Rex Henry VIII of England mandated that churches begin the tape-keeping practice that before long spread throughout Europe.[22] United kingdom'south Domesday Volume from 1086, is 1 of the oldest European genealogy records. In ancient and medieval times, the history of one's ancestors guaranteed religious and secular prestige.[22]

Christian culture puts notable emphasis on the family.[26] There were two distinct family patterns that emerged in Christian Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In most of Southern and Eastern Europe, marriage occurred between two individuals who had lived with their parents for a long period of time. The human being involved was older, unremarkably in his late twenties, and the girl was oftentimes however a teenager. Their household would contain several generations, an occurrence demographers denote as a "complex" household. In dissimilarity, areas in Northwestern Europe gave ascent to a familial structure that was unique for the time menstruum. The man and woman were typically around the same age, and would wait until they were in their early twenties to marry. Following the marriage, the couple would ready their own contained household (termed a "nuclear" household structure). This led to a lower birthrate, as well as greater levels of economic stability for the new couple. This as well served as a check on the increasing population in Europe. Many women in this region during this fourth dimension menstruum would never ally at all.[27]

In 1632, Virginia was the first land in the New World mandating a civil constabulary that christenings, marriages, and burials were to be recorded.[22] Historians of the family unit accept made extensive use of genealogical data of the sort collected by organizations of descendants such as the National Society of Old Plymouth Colony Descendants, The Social club of Mayflower Descendants, Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society Sons of the American Revolution, and Social club of the Descendants of the Founding Fathers of New England.[28] [29] The Cambridge Grouping for the History of Population and Social Construction, a major scholarly organization in England founded in 1964, regularly consulted genealogists in developing their database for the history of the English family and statistical analysis of long-term demographic trends.[30]

Development of household [edit]

The arrangement of the pre-industrial family unit is now believed to exist similar to modern types of family.[31] Many sociologists used to believe that the nuclear family unit was the product of industrialization, but evidence highlighted past historian Peter Laslett suggests that the causality is reversed and that industrialization was so effective in North-western Europe specifically because the pre-being of the nuclear family fostered its development.[32]

Family types of pre-industrial Europe belonged into two bones groups, the "elementary household organisation" (the nuclear family), and the "articulation family unit system" (the extended family unit).[32] A simple household organisation featured a relatively belatedly age of wedlock for both men and women and the establishment of a divide household subsequently the marriage or neolocality.[32] A joint family unit household system was characterized by earlier marriage for women, co-residence with the married man's family or patrilocality, and co-residing of multiple generations. Many households consisted of unrelated servants and apprentices residing for periods of years, and at that time, belonging to the family.[31] Due to shorter life expectancy and loftier mortality rates in the pre-industrialized world, much of the structure of a family depended on the average historic period of the union of women. Late marriages, as occurred in the elementary household system, left little time for three-generation families to form. Conversely, in the joint family household arrangement, early marriages allowed for multi-generational families to form.[32]

The pre-industrial family had many functions including food production, landholding, regulation of inheritance, reproduction, socialization and instruction of its members. External roles allowed for participation in organized religion and politics.[33] Social condition was also strictly connected to ane's family.[34]

Additionally, in the absence of government institutions, the family was the only resource to cope with sickness and aging.[33] Considering of the industrial revolution and new piece of work and living conditions, families changed, transferring to public institutions responsibility for food production and the pedagogy and welfare of its aging and sick members.[35] Post-industrial families became more private, nuclear, domestic and based on the emotional bonding between husband and wife, and between parents and children.[35]

Historian Lawrence Stone identifies three major types of family construction in England: in near 1450–1630, the open lineage family dominated. The Renaissance era, 1550–1700, brought the restricted patriarchal nuclear family unit. The early modern world 1640-1800 emphasized the airtight domesticated nuclear family unit.[36] Stone'south conclusions have been disputed by other historians;[37] Peter Laslett and Alan MacFarlane believe the nuclear family unit became mutual in England beginning in the thirteenth century.[38]

Post-materialist and postmodern values have become research topics related to the family unit.[39] According to Judith Stacy in 1990, "Nosotros are living, I believe, through a transitional and contested period of family history, a period 'afterwards' the mod family society."[forty] Equally of 2019, at that place are more than 110 million unmarried people in the United states of america. More 50% of the American adult population is single compared to 22% in 1950. Jeremy Greenwood, Professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania has explored how technological progress has affected the family unit. In particular, he discusses how technological advance has led to more married women working, a decline in fertility, an increase in the number of single households, social alter, longer lifespans, and a rise in the fraction of life spent in retirement.[41] Sociologist Elyakim Kislev lists some of the major drivers for the reject in the family unit institution: women'due south growing independence, risk aversion in an age of divorce, enervating careers, rising levels of education, individualism, secularization, popular media, growing transnational mobility, and urbanization processes.[42]

Run into as well [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Hareven 1991, p. 95.
  2. ^ van den Berghe 1979, p. 16.
  3. ^ van den Berghe 1979, p. 50.
  4. ^ Tamara Yard. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," American Historical Review, Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue i, pp. 95-124
  5. ^ Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of U.s.': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour / Le Travail, Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167-220, with very thorough coverage.
  6. ^ encounter Journal of Family History, quarterly since 1976
  7. ^ Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," Journal of Women's History, Autumn 99, Vol. xi Issue 3, pp 17-21
  8. ^ D'Ann Campbell, Women at State of war with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984)
  9. ^ Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, The Family: A World History (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review
  10. ^ Peter N. Stearns, "Social History and World History: Prospects for Collaboration." Journal of World History 2007 18(1): 43-52. in Project Muse, deals with the history of childhood worldwide. See Peter N. Stearns, Childhood in Globe History (2005), A.R. Colon with P. A. Colon, A History of Children: A Socio-Cultural Survey across Millennia (2001), and Steven Mintz, Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (2006).
  11. ^ Joseph M. Hawes and Northward. Ray Hiner, "Hidden in Manifestly View: The History of Children (and Childhood) in the Twenty-Get-go Century," Periodical of the History of Childhood & Youth, Jan 2008, Vol. 1 Effect one, pp 43-49
  12. ^ a b c d "Sociology/Founding the discipline". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26 .
  13. ^ Morgan 1877
  14. ^ Encyclopedia, Britannica. "Cultural Anthropology". Retrieved 2009-07-22 .
  15. ^ "The Marxists Internet Archive". Retrieved 2009-07-17 .
  16. ^ Wrigley 1977, p. 74.
  17. ^ Daly 2007.
  18. ^ Bengston 2006.
  19. ^ Rosenberg 1986
  20. ^ a b Hesiod 1985.
  21. ^ Hesiod 1997
  22. ^ a b c d east f thou h i j one thousand Potter-Phillips, Donna. "History of Genealogy". Family Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-26 .
  23. ^ "The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire". Archived from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2009-07-17 .
  24. ^ Letourneau 1904.
  25. ^ Phillip, Walter Alison. "King § Divine Right of Kings". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 806.
  26. ^ Rawson, Beryl Rawson (2010). A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 111. ISBN9781444390759. Christianity placed dandy emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged
  27. ^ Wiesner, Merry Eastward. "The Family unit." Gender in History: Global Perspectives, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 38.
  28. ^ John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "Migration and the family in colonial New England: The view from genealogies." Journal of Family History 9.i (1984): 24-43.
  29. ^ Lloyd DeWitt Bockstruck, "Four Centuries of Genealogy: A Historical Overview." RQ 23#2 (1983): 162-lxx. online.
  30. ^ Robert Thousand. Taylor; Ralph J. Crandall (1986). Generations and Alter: Genealogical Perspectives in Social History. Mercer UP. pp. eighteen–twenty. ISBN9780865541689.
  31. ^ a b Hareven 1991.
  32. ^ a b c d Kretzer 2002.
  33. ^ a b Hareven 1991, p. 96.
  34. ^ Wrigley 1977, p. 72.
  35. ^ a b Hareven 1991, p. 120.
  36. ^ Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sexual practice, and Union in England 1500-1800 (1977)
  37. ^ Review by of Stone's book by Alan Macfarlane, 2002
  38. ^ The Existent Roots of the Nuclear Family
  39. ^ Kislev, Elyakim. (2017-09-01). "Happiness, Post-materialist Values, and the Unmarried". Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9921-7. ISSN 1573-7780.
  40. ^ Marvin B. Sussman; Suzanne K. Steinmetz; Gary Westward. Peterson (2013). Handbook of Union and the Family. Springer. p. 209. ISBN9781475753677.
  41. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy (2019). Evolving Households: The Imprint of Applied science on Life. The MIT Press. ISBN9780262039239.
  42. ^ Kislev, Elyakim (2019). Happy Singlehood: The Rising Acceptance and Celebration of Solo Living. University of California Printing.

References [edit]

  • Bengtson, Vern L.; Alan C. Acock; David G. Klein; Katherine R. Allen; Peggye Dilworth-Anderson (2006). Sourcebook of family unit theory & enquiry. SAGE. ISBN1-4129-4085-0.
  • Coleman, Marilyn and Lawrence Ganong, eds. The Social History of the American Family unit: An Encyclopedia (four vol, 2014). 600 manufactures by scholars; 2144pp; extract
  • Daly, Kerry (2007). Qualitative methods for family unit studies & human development. SAGE. ISBN978-1-4129-1402-four.
  • Ellens, J. Harold (2006). Sex in the Bible: a new consideration. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN0-275-98767-ane.
  • Field, Corinne T., and Nicholas 50. Syrett, eds. Age in America: The Colonial Era to the Present (New York University Press, 2015). viii, 338 pp.
  • Greenwood, Jeremy (2019). Evolving Households: The Banner of Engineering on Life. The MIT Press. ISBN9780262039239.
  • Hanson, K. C.; Douglas E. Oakman (2002). Palestine in the Time of Jesus: Social Structures and Social Conflicts. Fortress Press. ISBN0-8006-3470-5.
  • Hareven, Tamara K. (February 1991). "The History of the Family unit and the Complexity of Social Alter". The American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 96 (i): 95–124. doi:10.2307/2164019. JSTOR 2164019.
  • Hesiod; Thomas Alan Sinclair (1985). Works and days. Georg Olms Verlag. ISBNiii-487-05414-0.
  • Hesiod; M. Fifty. West (1997). Theogony. NetLibrary, Incorporated. ISBN0-585-34339-X.
  • Kertzer, David I. (1991). "Household History and Sociological Theory". Annual Review of Sociology. Annual Reviews. 17 (1): 155–179. doi:x.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.001103. JSTOR 2083339.
  • Kertzer, David I.; Marzio Barbagli (2002). The History of the European Family: Family life in the long nineteenth century (1789-1913) . Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-09090-0.
  • Letourneau, Charles (1904). The Evolution of Union and of the Family unit. Scott Pub. Co.
  • Mousourakis, George (2003). The historical and institutional context of Roman law. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN0-7546-2114-6.
  • Rosenberg, Donna (2001). World mythology: an anthology of the keen myths and epics. NTC Pub. Group. ISBN0-8442-5966-7.
  • Thomas, William; Florian Znaniecki (1996). The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Archetype Work in Immigration History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06484-4.
  • van den Berghe, Pierre (1979). Human being family systems: an evolutionary view. Elsevier Due north Holland, Inc. ISBN0-444-99061-five.
  • Wrigley, Eastward. Anthony (Spring 1997). "Reflections on the History of the Family". The Family unit. The MIT Printing. 106 (ii): 71–85. JSTOR 20024477.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_family

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